OOPS (C++) IMPORTANT QUESTIONS SEM-2 PART 1 !!!!!

Q.1. What are the basic concepts of OOPS? Write any four features of OOPS.

1.    Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes data and functionality into objects that can interact with one another.  

2.    The basic concepts of OOP are inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction, classes and objects.  

3.    The five features of OOP are:

4.    Modularity: - OOP allows for the creation of modular, reusable code that can be easily maintained and updated.

5.    Extensibility: - OOP makes it easy to add new functionality to existing code without having to modify the code that is already there.

6.    Flexibility: - OOP allows for code to be written in a way that is flexible and adaptable to changing requirements.

7.    Abstraction: - Abstraction is the process of identifying essential features of an object and ignoring the rest. It allows users to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it.

8.    Message passing: - In OOP, objects communicate with each other by sending messages. C++ supports message passing through function calls and virtual functions.

 

 Q.2. Explain for loop and while loop with example.

 

1.    The for loop is a type of loop that allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly for a specified number of times.

2.    The initialization is executed once at the beginning of the loop. The condition is checked before each iteration, and if it is true, the code inside the loop is executed. The increment/decrement statement is executed at the end of each iteration.

3.    The while loop is another type of loop that allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true.

4.    The code inside the while loop will be executed repeatedly as long as the condition is true. If the condition is false, the loop will exit.

5.    Example of for loop : -  

 

6.    Example of while loop : -

 

Q.3 Explain different types of OOPS

1.    Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is widely used in C++. OOP is based on the concepts of objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

2.    Objects: - In OOP, an object is an instance of a class that encapsulates data and methods.

3.    Classes: - A class is a blueprint for creating objects that defines the data and methods that an object of that class can use.

4.    Encapsulation: - This refers to the practice of hiding data and implementation details within a class, allowing only authorized methods to access them.

5.    Inheritance: - This is a mechanism that allows one class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

6.    Polymorphism: - This allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they are of the same class, enabling a more flexible and modular design.

7.    Other features of OOP in C++ include data abstraction, message passing, dynamic binding, and operator overloading. These characteristics make OOP a powerful programming paradigm for creating complex and scalable software systems.

Q.4 What is polymorphism? Explain.

1.    Polymorphism is a core concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) and refers to the ability of objects to take on multiple forms.  

2.    In C++, polymorphism can be achieved through two mechanisms: function overloading and virtual functions.  

3.    Function overloading allows multiple functions to have the same name but different parameter lists, making it easier to write more readable and maintainable code.  

4.    Virtual functions, on the other hand, enable derived classes to override the behavior of base class functions, providing a powerful mechanism for implementing dynamic binding and inheritance.

5.    Polymorphism is essential for creating software that is both flexible and extensible, allowing developers to write code that can adapt to changing requirements and support a wide range of use cases.

  

 Q.5 How to declare class and object in C++. Explain with example.  

1.    To declare a class in C++, you use the "class" keyword followed by the class name and the class definition in curly braces. The class definition contains the data members and member functions of the class.

2.    For example, here's a class called "Calculator" that can add two numbers: -  

3.   

 

4.    To create an object of the class, you use the class name followed by parentheses.

  

5.    You can then call the member functions of the object using the dot operator. For example, to add two numbers using the "add" function of the "c" object, you would write: -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q.6. How the Class is specified? How the member functions are defined in the class.

1.    In C++, a class is specified using the keyword "class" followed by the class name and the class body, which contains the data members and member functions of the class.  

2.    The data members are declared within the class body and represent the state of the object, while the member functions are defined within the class body and operate on the data members to perform the desired functionality.

3.    Here's an example of a simple class called "Addition" that adds two numbers:

 

4.    To use this class, we can create an instance of the class and call its member functions:  

 

 

 

 

Q.7. Define class. What are the members of class? Explain with example

1.    In C++, a class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects that encapsulate data and functionality.  

2.    It defines a set of data members (variables) and member functions (methods) that operate on those data members.  

3.    The data members are private by default and can only be accessed through the class's public member functions, which act as interfaces for interacting with the object's data.

4.    A class can also have static data members and static member functions, which are shared by all instances of the class.  

5.    Example : -

 

Q.8 Explain Strings and String manipulations used in C++.

1.    In C++, a string is a sequence of characters that represents text. It is implemented as an array of characters, terminated by a null character.  

2.    String manipulation refers to various operations performed on strings, such as concatenation, slicing, comparing, and searching.

3.    Concatenation involves joining two or more strings together. Slicing involves extracting a substring from a larger string.  

4.    Comparing involves comparing two strings to determine whether they are equal, greater than, or less than each other.  

5.    Searching involves finding the occurrence of a specific substring within a larger string.

6.    C++ provides a rich set of built-in string manipulation functions and operators, making it easy to work with strings. It also supports a standard string class that simplifies string manipulation by providing methods to perform these operations.

 

Q.9 How private Member function can be accessed outside the class . Explain with example

1.    Private member functions in C++ can be accessed outside the class by declaring them as friend functions.  

2.    A friend function is a non-member function that has access to the private and protected members of a class. To declare a function as a friend, it must be declared inside the class, using the friend keyword.

3.    Once declared as a friend, the function can access the private member functions of the class just like any other member function.  

4.    However, it is important to use friend functions sparingly, as they can break encapsulation and make code harder to maintain.

5.    Example: -

  

10. Explain the following:  

1.Class :- A class in C++ is a blueprint or template for creating objects that encapsulate data and functionality. It defines the properties and behaviours of an object and allows for the creation of multiple instances of that object with different values.  A class typically includes member variables for storing data and member functions for performing operations on that data. It also supports concepts like inheritance and polymorphism, which enable code reuse and abstraction.  C++ classes are essential for object-oriented programming and provide a structured way to organize code and data.

 2.Object :-  In C++, an object is an instance of a class. It is created from the class blueprint and has its own set of member variables and member functions.  Objects are used to represent real-world entities or concepts in a program, and they encapsulate data and behaviour in a single entity. They can be created and manipulated dynamically during program execution and can interact with other objects in the program through method calls and data exchange.  Objects are a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming and are essential for creating reusable, modular, and maintainable code.